Tubes: Carry one fluid (liquid or gas). Materials (e.g., copper, stainless steel) are chosen based on corrosion resistance, temperature, and pressure requirements.
Shell: Encases the tubes and directs the second fluid around them.
Baffles: Often used in shell-and-tube designs to enhance turbulence and heat transfer efficiency.
Tube Bundles: Can be removable for maintenance or cleaning.

2. Operation:

Heat transfers through the tube walls from the hotter fluid to the cooler one.
Fluids flow in counter-current (opposite directions) or parallel configurations to optimize thermal efficiency.

Tube heat exchanger applications:

1. Power Generation:

- Condensers in steam turbines, oil coolers, and feedwater heaters.

2. Chemical/Petrochemical Plants:

- Distillation, reactor cooling, and hydrocarbon processing.

3. HVAC Systems:

- Chillers, boilers, and heat recovery systems.

4. Refrigeration:

- Evaporators and condensers.

5. Oil Refineries:

- Crude oil cooling, distillation, and catalytic cracking.

6. Food & Beverage:

- Pasteurization, sterilization, and process cooling.

7. Marine and Automotive:

- Engine cooling, lubricant cooling, and charge air cooling.

Tube heat exchanger advantages:

High Efficiency: Suitable for large temperature and pressure differentials.
Durability: Robust construction handles harsh conditions (high pressure/temperature, corrosive fluids).
Scalability: Modular designs accommodate varying capacities.
Maintenance: Tube bundles can be easily cleaned or replaced.

Tube heat exchanger limitations:

Space and Cost: Bulkier and more expensive than plate heat exchangers for some applications.
Complexity: Shell-and-tube designs may require more intricate engineering.

Heat exchanger tube size Range:

Production	Outside Diameter	Wall Thickness
Heat Exchanger Tube	6.00mm to 101.6mm	0.5mm to 8mm

Type of Heat exchanger tube:

U-bend & Straight.

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